S&P 500 & Sectors: ROIC Falls In 1Q23

Trailing-twelve-month (TTM) return on invested capital (ROIC) for the S&P 500 fell quarter-over-quarter (QoQ) in 1Q23. Over the last several quarters, I am seeing a clear trend that ROIC has maxed out. After a small rise, the small decline this quarter suggests that the corporate part of the economy is slowing at least a little. More importantly, the data suggests that ROIC will not move materially higher from current levels for the foreseeable future.

Only four out of eleven S&P 500 sectors saw a QoQ rise in ROIC in 1Q23. The decline in ROIC comes from a deterioration in net operating profit after tax (NOPAT) margins while invested capital turns remained flat.

At the sector level, there are mixed signals to be sure. Some sectors are seeing ROIC go up while others see it going down – and to varying degrees.

This report is an abridged version of S&P 500 & Sectors: ROIC Falls In 1Q23, one of my quarterly reports on fundamental market and sector trends.

This report is based on the latest audited financial data available, which is the 1Q23 10-Q in most cases. Price data is as of 5/15/23. Calculated using SPGI’s methodology, which sums individual S&P 500 constituent values for NOPAT and invested capital. See Appendix for more details on this “Aggregate” method.

S&P 500 ROIC Falls in 1Q23

Figure 1 shows the S&P 500’s ROIC fell from 9.9% in 4Q22 to 9.8% in 1Q23. The S&P 500’s NOPAT margin fell from 12.6% in 4Q22 to 12.3% in 1Q23, while invested capital turns remained flat at 0.79 in 1Q23. Note that 9.9% is lower than the 10.2% reported for the same period in last quarter’s report because the more recent 9.9% captures more companies, specifically the companies that filed 10-Ks or 10-Qs after the “as of” cutoff date for the last report.

Key observations:

I’ve previously noted the “record” return on invested capital of 2Q22 was a mirage and that the bullish trend in ROIC could reverse soon. Such a reversal has arrived, as margins and ROIC have fallen across the board from those record highs. Companies continue to note that margins will be pressured in 2023, which could drive ROIC even lower.

WACC for the S&P 500 has now increased QoQ for eight consecutive quarters and could continue moving higher as the Federal Reserve increased rates after the end of 1Q23. The rising cost of capital threatens investor confidence in the viability of many weaker companies, several of which I’ve highlighted in my Zombie Stocks reports.

Beneath the surface, performance by sector is all over the map. Per Figure 2, some sectors saw ROIC rise while others saw it fall. Digging deeper and looking at the drivers of ROIC, NOPAT margins and invested capital turns, I see wildly different results in different sectors.

This variance signals a lot of churn at the company level, which I expect will weed out many weaker companies throughout the remainder of 2023.

Key Details on Select S&P 500 Sectors

Six sectors saw a quarter-over-quarter (QoQ) decline in ROIC.

The Industrials sector performed best in the first quarter of 2023 as measured by change in ROIC, with its ROIC rising 27 basis points from 4Q22.

The biggest loser in the fourth quarter was the Technology sector (which was also the case in the third and fourth quarter of 2022), which had been among the biggest winners of the COVID-era market. ROIC for the Technology sector declined 98 basis points QoQ in 1Q23.

Below, I highlight the Industrials sector, which had the largest improvement in ROIC in 1Q23.

Sample Sector Analysis: Industrials

Figure 1 shows the Industrials sector’s ROIC rose from 8.3% in 4Q22 to 8.5% in 1Q23. The Industrials sector’s NOPAT margin rose from 10.6% in 4Q22 to 10.8% in 1Q23, while invested capital turns rose from 0.78 in 4Q22 to 0.79 in 1Q23.

Figure 1: Industrials ROIC vs. WACC: December 2004 – 5/15/23

The May 15, 2023 measurement period uses price data as of that date for my WACC calculation and incorporates the financial data from 1Q23 10-Qs for ROIC, as this is the earliest date for which all the 1Q23 10-Qs for the S&P 500 constituents were available.

Figure 2 compares the trends for NOPAT margin and invested capital turns for the Industrials sector since 2004. I sum the individual Industrials sector constituent values for revenue, NOPAT, and invested capital to calculate these metrics. I call this approach the “Aggregate” methodology.

Figure 2: Industrials NOPAT Margin vs. IC Turns: December 2004 – 5/15/23

The May 15, 2023 measurement period uses price data as of that date for my WACC calculation and incorporates the financial data from 1Q23 10-Qs for ROIC, as this is the earliest date for which all the 1Q23 10-Qs for the S&P 500 constituents were available.

The Aggregate methodology provides a straightforward look at the entire sector, regardless of market cap or index weighting. The methodology matches how S&P Global (SPGI) calculates metrics for the S&P 500.

For additional perspective, I compare the Aggregate method for ROIC with two market-weighted methodologies: market-weighted metrics and market-weighted drivers. Each method has its pros and cons, which are detailed in the Appendix.

Figure 3 compares these three methods for calculating the Industrials sector ROIC.

Figure 3: Industrials ROIC Methodologies Compared: December 2004 – 5/15/23

The May 15, 2023 measurement period uses price data as of that date for my WACC calculation and incorporates the financial data from 1Q23 10-Qs for ROIC, as this is the earliest date for which all the 1Q23 10-Qs for the S&P 500 constituents were available.

Disclosure: David Trainer, Kyle Guske II, and Italo Mendonca receive no compensation to write about any specific stock, style, or theme.

Appendix: Analyzing ROIC with Different Weighting Methodologies

I derive the metrics above by summing the individual S&P 500 constituent values for revenue, NOPAT, and invested capital to calculate the metrics presented. I call this approach the “Aggregate” methodology.

The Aggregate methodology provides a straightforward look at the entire sector, regardless of market cap or index weighting and matches how S&P Global (SPGI) calculates metrics for the S&P 500.

For additional perspective, I compare the Aggregate method for ROIC with two other market-weighted methodologies:

Market-weighted metrics – calculated by market-cap-weighting the ROIC for the individual companies relative to their sector or the overall S&P 500 in each period. Details:

1. Company weight equals the company’s market cap divided by the market cap of the S&P 500/its sector
2. I multiply each company’s ROIC by its weight
3. S&P 500/Sector ROIC equals the sum of the weighted ROICs for all the companies in the S&P 500/each sector

Market-weighted drivers – calculated by market-cap-weighting the NOPAT and invested capital for the individual companies in each sector in each period. Details:

1. Company weight equals the company’s market cap divided by the market cap of the S&P 500/its sector
2. I multiply each company’s NOPAT and invested capital by its weight
3. I sum the weighted NOPAT and invested capital for each company in the S&P 500/each sector to determine each sector’s weighted NOPAT and weighted invested capital
4. S&P 500/Sector ROIC equals weighted sector NOPAT divided by weighted sector invested capital

Each methodology has its pros and cons, as outlined below:

Aggregate method

Pros:

• A straightforward look at the entire S&P 500/sector, regardless of company size or weighting.
• Matches how S&P Global calculates metrics for the S&P 500.

Cons:

• Vulnerable to impact of by companies entering/exiting the group of companies, which could unduly affect aggregate values despite the level of change from companies that remain in the group.

Market-weighted metrics method

Pros:

• Accounts for a firm’s size relative to the overall S&P 500/sector and weights its metrics accordingly.

Cons:

• Vulnerable to outsized impact of one or a few companies, as shown in the full report. This outsized impact tends to occur only for ratios where unusually small denominator values can create extremely high or low results.

Market-weighted drivers method

Pros:

• Accounts for a firm’s size relative to the overall S&P 500/sector and weights its NOPAT and invested capital accordingly.
• Mitigates potential outsized impact of one or a few companies by aggregating values that drive the ratio before calculating the ratio.

Cons:

• Can minimize the impact of period-over-period changes in smaller companies, as their impact on the overall sector NOPAT and invested capital is smaller.